A Prototype Unit of a Distributed Sensor System for Ecological Monitoring

Introduction. In this article, the basic principles of ecological monitoring were considered, and the possibilities of constructing sensor systems were analysed. It was proposed to use the NB-IoT low-energy telecommunication standard as a basic wireless protocol for ecological system development, which ensures effective communication of network devices. A prototype of the system was constructed, and algorithms for receiving and transmitting signals were simulated.
Aim. To construct a prototype of a transceiver based on the NB-IoT standard and perform its simulation. To utilize digital twin in MatLab to create the proposed system.
Materials and methods. The prototype was constructed using the Xilinx Zedboard evaluation board and transceiver on AD9361 chip, and the simulation was performed using the MatLab 2010 software package.
Results. The results of the simulation in the channel with the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) were obtained, and the level of the detected synchronization signals of the NB-IoT standard was determined. The receiver and transmitter of the NB-IoT standard were implemented on the Xilinx Zedboard evaluation board. The timing simulation results show that the designed system can be tested in a real environment. The power consumption and resource utilization of the constructed wireless sensor network prototype unit were determined.
Conclusion. The results obtained via the simulation process show that the designed prototype of the communication system works correctly, and the produced signal meets all the requirements of the NB-IoT standard. The results can be used for creating a domestic manufactured, specialized integrated chip for data units of ecological monitoring systems.

1. A Study on Design Principles of Automatic System for Environment Monitoring / E. A. Sevryukova, E. A. Volkova,N. V. Gubanova, A. V. Solodkov, A. V. Gorelik // 2020 IEEE Conf. of Russian Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EIConRus). St Petersburg and Moscow, 27–30 Jan. 2020. Piscataway: IEEE, 2020. P. 2545–2548. doi: 10.1109/EIConRus49466.2020.9039522

2. Environmental Monitoring Systems: Review and Future Development / I. Šećerov, D. Dolinaj, D. Pavić, D. Milošević, S. Savić, S. Popov, Ž. Živanov // Wireless Engineering and Technology. 2018. Vol. 10, № 1. P. 1–18. doi: 10.4236/wet.2019.101001

3. Othman M. F., Shazali K. Wireless sensor network Applications: A study in environment monitoring System // Procedia Engineering. 2012. Vol. 41. P. 1204–1210. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.302

4. Shiravale S., Sriram P., Bhagat S. M. Flood Alert System by using Weather Forecasting Data and Wireless Sensor Network // Intern. J. of Computer Applications. 2015. Vol. 124, № 10. P. 14–16. doi: 10.5120/ijca2015905608

5. Wiston M., Mphale K. M. Weather Forecasting: From the Early Weather Wizards to Modern-day Weather Predictions // J. of Climatology & Weather Forecasting. 2018. Vol. 6, № 2. P. 1−9. doi: 10.4172/2332-2594.1000229

6. Ayele T. W., Mehta R. Air Pollution Monitoring and prediction Using IoT // 2018 Second Intern. Conf. on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT). Coimbatore, India, 20–21 April 2018. Piscataway: IEEE, 2018. P. 1741–1745. doi: 10.1109/ICICCT.2018.8473272

7. A Review of Urban Air Pollution Monitoring and Exposure Assessment Methods / X. Xie, I. Semanjski, S. Gautama, E. Tsiligiann, N. Deligiannis, R. T. Rajan, F. Pasveer, W. Philips // ISPRS Intern. J. of Geo-Information. 2017. Vol. 6, № 12. P. 1−21. doi: 10.3390/ijgi6120389

8. A Review of Wireless Sensors and Networks' applications in Agriculture / A. Rehman, A. Z. Abbasi, N. Islam, Z. A. Shaikh // Computer Standards & Interfaces. 2014. Vol. 36, № 2. P. 263–270. doi: 10.1016/j.csi.2011.03.004

9. Agricultural Management through wireless Sensors and Internet of Things / S. Navulur, A. S. C. S. Sastry, M. N. Giri Prasad // Intern. J. of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 2017. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 3492–3499. doi: 10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp3492-3499

10. Saiz-Rubio V., Rovira-Más F. From Smart Farming towards Agriculture 5.0: a Review on Crop Data Management // Agronomy. 2020. Vol. 10, № 2. P. 1−21. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10020207

11. Mieyeville F., Galos M., Navarro D. Dynamic Reconfiguration for Software and Hardware Heterogeneous Real-time WSN // SENSORCOMM 2012: The Sixth Intern. Conf. on Sensor Technologies and Applications. Rome, Italy, IARIA, 19–24 Aug. 2012. P. 95–100.

12. Sevryukova E. A., Volkova E. A., Ugrovatov A. V., Kopylova M. D. Imitation simulation of environment monitoring system. Proc. Univ. Electronics. 2019, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 521–529. doi: 10.24151/1561-5405-2019-24-5-521-529. (In Russ.)

13. Node Energy Consumption Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks / F. Luo, C. Jiang, H. Zhang, X. Wang, L. Zhang, Y. Ren // IEEE 80 th Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC2014-Fall). Vancouver, Canada, 14−17 Sept. 2014. P. 1−5. doi: 10.1109/VTCFall.2014.6966071

14. Smart City Pilot Projects Using LoRa and IEEE802.15.4 Technologies / G. Pasolini, C. Buratti, L. Feltrin, F. Zabini, C. De Castro, R. Verdone, O. Andrisano // Sensors. 2018. Vol. 18, iss. 4. P. 1118–1134. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041118

15. Fattah H. 5G LTE Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT). Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. 262 p. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429455056

16. Paving the path to Narrowband 5G with LTE Internet of Things (IoT) // White Paper, Qualcomm. 2016. 36 p. URL: https://www.qualcomm.cn/media/documents/files/paving-the-path-to-narrowband-5g-withlte-iot.pdf (дата обращения 25.02.2021)

17. A Primer on 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things / Y.-P. E. Wang, X. Lin, A. Adhikary, A. Grovlen, Y. Sui, Y. Blankenship, J. Bergman, H. S. Razaghi // IEEE Communications Magazine. 2017. Vol. 55, № 3. P. 117–123. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600510CM

18. Dahlman E., Parkvall S., Skold J. 4G, LTE-Advanced Pro and The Road to 5G. London: Academic Press, 2016. 616 p.

19. Cellular Internet of things: technologies, standards, and performance / O. Liberg, M. Sundberg, E. Wang, J. Bergman, J. Sachs. London: Academic Press, 2017. 382 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-01868-5

20. Tarasov I. E. PLIS Xilinx. Yazyki opisaniya apparatury VHDL i Verilog, SAPR, priemy proektirovaniya. [Hardware Description Languages VHDL and Verilog, CAD, Design Techniques]. Moscow, Goryachaya liniya –Telekom, 2020, 538 р. (In Russ.)

21. The Zynq Book: Embedded Processing with the ARM Cortex-A9 on the Xilinx Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC / R. A. Elliot, M. A. Enderwitz, C. H. Louise, R. W. Stewart. Glasgow: Strathclyde Academic Media, 2014. 484 p.