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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2024-27-2-119-131</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-866</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭЛЕКТРОНИКА СВЧ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROWAVE ELECTRONICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние отжига на волноведущие свойства планарных волноводов, изготовленных на основе пленок из нитрида кремния различной толщины</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of Annealing Treatment on the Optical Properties of Silicon Nitride Waveguides</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3600-4946</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ершов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ershov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ершов Александр Александрович – аспирант кафедры физической электроники и технологии</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Ershov, Postgraduate student of the Department of Physical Electronics and Technologies</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aaershov@etu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9179-1112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чекмезов</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chekmezov</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чекмезов Кирилл Николаевич – студент 1-го курса магистратуры</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill N. Chekmezov, 1-st year master degree student of </p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chekmezovkn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5147-0630</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буровихин</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Burovikhin</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Буровихин Антон Павлович – инженер 2-й категории лаборатории технологии материалов и элементов интегральной радиофотоники</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anton P. Burovikhin, engineer of the Laboratory of Technology of Materials and Elements of Integrated Radiophotonics</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonburovihin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-4341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никитин Андрей Александрович – кандидат физико-математических наук (2011), доцент кафедры физической электроники и технологии</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Nikitin, Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) (2011), Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Electronics and Technologies</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aanikitin@etu.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8877-8372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аболмасов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abolmasov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аболмасов Сергей Николаевич – кандидат физико-математических наук (2003), ведущий технолог; научный сотрудник </p><p>ул. Политехническая, д. 28, Санкт-Петербург, 194064</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Abolmasov, Cand. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) (2003), leading technologist; research fellow</p><p>28, Politekhnicheskaya St., St Petersburg 194064</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.abolmasov@hevelsolar.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сташкевич</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stashkevich</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сташкевич Андрей Александрович – доктор физико-математических наук (1995), заслуженный профессор (2020)</p><p>LSPM – CNRS UPR3407, Ж. Б. Клемана авеню, д. 99, Вилльтанёз, 93 430</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Stashkevich, Dr Sci. (Phys-Math.) (1994), Emeritus Professor (2020) of Physics, Institut Galilee</p><p>99, J. B. Clement Ave., Villetaneuse 93 430</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stachkevitch@univ-paris13.fr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теруков</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Terukov</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Теруков Евгений Иванович – доктор технических наук (1992), заведующий лабораторией Физико-технического института им. А. Ф. Иоффе РАН, профессор кафедры фотоники</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy I. Terukov, Dr Sci. (Eng.) (1993), Vice Director of Science of the Scientific and Technical Center for Thin-Film Technologies in Energy at the Ioffe Institute. Professor of the Department of Photonics</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eug.terukov@mail.ioffe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-1543</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еськов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Eskov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Еськов Андрей Владимирович – кандидат технических наук (2014), руководитель лаборатории технологии материалов и элементов интегральной радиофотоники</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Eskov, Cand. Sci. (Eng.) (2014), Head of the Laboratory of Technology of Materials and Ele- ments of Integrated Microwave Photonics</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aeskow@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-3773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семенов Александр Анатольевич – доктор технических наук (2017), заведующий кафедрой физической электроники и технологии</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Semenov, Dr Sci. (Eng.) (2017), Head of the Department of Physical Electronics and Technology</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aasemenov@etu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7382-9210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Устинов</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustinov</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Устинов Алексей Борисович – доктор физико-математических наук (2012), профессор кафедры физической электроники и технологии</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey B. Ustinov, Dr. Sci. (Phys.-Math.) (2012), Professor of the Department of Physical Electronics and Technologies</p><p>5 F, Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ООО "НТЦ тонкопленочных технологий в энергетике"; Физико-технический институт им. А. Ф. Иоффе Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Scientific and Technical Center of Thin Film Technologies in Energy LLC; Ioffe Institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Сорбонна Париж Север<country>Франция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Université Sorbonne Paris Nord<country>France</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина); ООО "НТЦ тонкопленочных технологий в энергетике"; Физико-технический институт им. А. Ф. Иоффе Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University; Scientific and Technical Center of Thin Film Technologies in Energy LLC; Ioffe Institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>119</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ершов А.А., Чекмезов К.Н., Буровихин А.П., Никитин А.А., Аболмасов С.Н., Сташкевич А.А., Теруков Е.И., Еськов А.В., Семенов А.А., Устинов А.Б., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ершов А.А., Чекмезов К.Н., Буровихин А.П., Никитин А.А., Аболмасов С.Н., Сташкевич А.А., Теруков Е.И., Еськов А.В., Семенов А.А., Устинов А.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ershov A.A., Chekmezov K.N., Burovikhin A.P., Nikitin A.A., Abolmasov S.N., Stashkevich A.A., Terukov E.I., Eskov A.V., Semenov A.A., Ustinov A.B.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/866">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/866</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Нитрид кремния является многообещающим материалом для изготовления фотонных интегральных схем (ФИС). Одним из наиболее перспективных методов с точки зрения промышленного производства ФИС из нитрида кремния является метод плазмохимического осаждения из газовой фазы. Недостатком этого метода, ограничивающим его применение, является высокое затухание в телекоммуникационном диапазоне частот, обусловленное поглощением на Si–H- и N–H-комплексах, оставшихся в процессе роста пленки. Термический отжиг является основным способом разрушения этих комплексов и уменьшения потерь. Таким образом, актуальной задачей является изучение влияния отжига на волноведущие свойства фотонных интегральных волноводов из нитрида кремния.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Исследование влияния отжига на волноведущие свойства ФИС на основе пленок из нитрида кремния разной толщины, полученных методом плазмохимического осаждения из газовой фазы.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В работе исследовано влияние отжига на волноведущие свойства ФИС, изготовленных из пленок нитрида кремния толщиной 200, 400 и 700 нм. Для этого при помощи оптического анализатора компонентов высокого разрешения измерялись передаточные характеристики набора тестовых элементов. Измерения выполнены в диапазоне частот 185…196 ТГц.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Из измеренных передаточных характеристик тестовых элементов были получены частотные зависимости декремента затухания, коэффициента связи и группового показателя преломления до и после отжига. Показано, что волноводы на пленках 200 нм демонстрировали достаточно высокое затухание по сравнению с волноводами на более толстых пленках, затухание в которых составляло 5 дБ в диапазоне 185…190 ТГц. На частотах выше 190 ТГц наблюдалось резкое возрастание потерь, связанных с поглощением на N–H-комплексах. В результате отжига потери уменьшаются во всей полосе частот. Адекватность определения волноведущих свойств продемонстрирована путем сопоставления теоретических и экспериментальных передаточных характеристик кольцевых резонаторов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты исследования показывают, что для микроволноводов из нитрида кремния, полученных методом плазмохимического осаждения из газовой фазы, необходим отжиг. Отжиг при температуре 600 °C в течение 30 мин в вакууме позволил уменьшить затухание в микроволноводах сечением 900 × 400 и 900 × 700 нм2 до 4 дБ/см во всем диапазоне частот от 185 до 196 ТГц.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Silicon nitride is a highly promising material for fabrication of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition is a prospective method for large-scale industrial production of silicon nitride-based PICs. The disadvantage of this method, which limits its practical application, consists in high insertion losses in the telecommunication frequency band due to absorption on the Si–H and N–H bonds remaining from the film growth process. Thermal annealing is the most common method for breaking these bonds and reducing losses. Therefore, investigation of the impact of annealing on the optical properties of photonic integrated waveguides is an important research task.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To investigate the effect of annealing treatment on the optical properties of PICs based on the silicon nitride films with different thicknesses obtained by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The work investigates the effect of annealing treatment on the optical properties of PICs based on the silicon nitride films with thicknesses of 200, 400 and 700 nm. To that end, the transmission characteristics of a set of test elements were measured using a high-definition component analyzer in the frequency range of 185…196 THz.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Frequency dependencies of loss and coupling coefficients, as well as the group index before and after annealing were extracted from the measured transmission characteristics of the test elements. It was found that waveguides on a 200-nm-thick film exhibited higher losses in comparison with the waveguides on thicker films. The waveguides with cross sections of 900 × 400 and 900 × 700 nm2 demonstrate the losses below 5 dB in the frequency range of 185…190 THz. A rapid increase in losses due to absorption on the N–H bonds was observed at the frequencies above 190 THz. The work shows that thermal annealing reduces insertion losses across the frequency range from 185 to 196 THz. The adequacy of extracted optical parameters is confirmed by comparing theoretical and experimental transmission characteristics of the ring resonator.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrate that silicon nitride waveguides fabricated by the method of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition require the stage of thermal annealing. Vacuum annealing at 600 °C for 30 min reduces insertion losses in the waveguides with cross sections of 900 × 400 and 900 × 700 nm2 down to 4 dB/cm in the frequency band from 185 to 196 THz.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фотонные интегральные схемы</kwd><kwd>оптические волноводы</kwd><kwd>нитрид кремния</kwd><kwd>отжиг</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>photonic integrated circuits</kwd><kwd>optical waveguides</kwd><kwd>silicon nitride</kwd><kwd>annealing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках выполнения Государственного задания № 075-01438-22-07 и гранта № FSEE-2022-0017.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out with the support of Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation (project no. 075-01438-22-07, grant FSEE-2022-0017).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Methods to achieve ultra-high quality factor silicon nitride resonators / X. 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