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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2021-24-3-49-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-521</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ И ОБРАБОТКА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TELEVISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метод автоматического определения трехмерной траектории транспортных средств на изображении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Method for Automatic Determination of a 3D Trajectory of Vehicles in a Video Image</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0407-5651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubov</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зубов Илья Геннадьевич – магистр техники и технологий (2016), программист-алгоритмист. Автор 11 научных работ. Сфера научных интересов – цифровая обработка изображений; машинное обучение; видеоаналитика и прикладные телевизионные системы.</p><p>Пресненская наб., д. 12, этаж 35, пом. № 3, Москва, 123317</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya G. Zubov, Master of Engineering and Technology (2016), algorithm programmer. The author of 11 scientific publications. Area of expertise: digital image processing; applied television systems.</p><p>12, Presnenskaya Nab., floor 35, room № 3, Moscow 123317</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ZubovIG@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Обухова Наталия Александровна – доктор технических наук (2009), профессор (2004), заведующая кафедрой телевидения и видеотехники. Автор более 130 научных работ. Сфера научных интересов – цифровая обработка изображений; машинное обучение; видеоаналитика и прикладные телевизионные системы.</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5, Санкт-Петербург, 197376</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia A. Obukhova, Dr. of Sci. (Engineering) (2009), Professor (2004), the Chief of the Department of Television and Video Equipment. The author of more than 130 scientific publications. Area of expertise: digital image processing; applied television systems.</p><p>5 Professor Popov St., St Petersburg 197376</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">natalia172419@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО "НЕКСТ"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ltd "Next"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>49</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зубов И.Г., Обухова Н.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зубов И.Г., Обухова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zubov I.G., Obukhova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/521">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/521</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Важной составной частью системы управления беспилотным транспортным средством (ТС) является модуль анализа окружающего пространства. Традиционно его реализуют на основе датчиков разного типа, включая видеокамеры, лидары и радары. Развитие вычислительной и телевизионной техники позволяет реализовать модуль анализа окружающего пространства используя в качестве датчиков только видеокамеры, что снижает себестоимость модуля в целом. Основной задачей при обработке видеоданных является анализ окружающего пространства как трехмерной сцены. Трехмерная траектория объекта, в которой наряду с его локализацией на изображении учтены также габаритные размеры, ракурс (угол поворота) и вектор движения, предоставляет исчерпывающую информацию для анализа реального взаимодействия объектов. Основой построения трехмерной траектории является оценка ракурса ТС. Цель работы. Разработка метода автоматической оценки ракурса ТС на основе анализа видеоданных от одной видеокамеры.Методы и материалы. Предложен автоматический метод оценки ракурса ТС на изображении на основе каскадного подхода. Метод включает локализацию ТС, определение его ключевых точек, сегментацию ТС и оценку ракурса. Локализация ТС и определение его ключевых точек решены на основе сверточной нейронной сети. Сегментацию ТС и формирование маски объекта выполняют с переходом в полярную систему координат и поиском внешнего контура с помощью алгоритмов теории графов. Целевой ракурс ТС определяют сопоставлением Фурье-образа сигнатур маски ТС и шаблонов, полученных на основе трехмерных моделей.Результаты. Эксперименты подтвердили корректность определения ракурса ТС на основе предложенного метода. Точность определения ракурса ТС на открытом наборе изображений Carvana составила 89 %. Заключение. Предложен новый подход к задаче оценки ракурса ТС, предполагающий переход от сквозного обучения нейронных сетей для решения сразу нескольких задач, таких, как локализация, классификация, сегментация и определение ракурса, к каскадному анализу информации. Обеспечение высокой точности оценки ракурса при сквозном обучении требует больших репрезентативных наборов данных, что затрудняет масштабируемость решений для условий российских дорог. Предложенный метод позволяет определять ракурс ТС с высокой точностью без больших затрат на ручную аннотацию данных и обучение.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. An important part of an automotive unmanned vehicle (UV) control system is the environment analysis module. This module is based on various types of sensors, e.g. video cameras, lidars and radars. The development of computer and video technologies makes it possible to implement an environment analysis module using a single video camera as a sensor. This approach is expected to reduce the cost of the entire module. The main task in video image processing is to analyse the environment as a 3D scene. The 3D trajectory of an object, which takes into account its dimensions, angle of view and movement vector, as well as the vehicle pose in a video image, provides sufficient information for assessing the real interaction of objects. A basis for constructing a 3D trajectory is vehicle pose estimation.Aim. To develop an automatic method for estimating vehicle pose based on video data analysis from a single video camera.Materials and methods. An automatic method for vehicle pose estimation from a video image was proposed based on a cascade approach. The method includes vehicle detection, key points determination, segmentation and vehicle pose estimation. Vehicle detection and determination of its key points were resolved via a neural network. The segmentation of a vehicle video image and its mask preparation were implemented by transforming it into a polar coordinate system and searching for the outer contour using graph theory.Results. The estimation of vehicle pose was implemented by matching the Fourier image of vehicle mask signatures and the templates obtained based on 3D models. The correctness of the obtained vehicle pose and angle of view estimation was confirmed by experiments based on the proposed method. The vehicle pose estimation had an accuracy of 89 % on an open Carvana image dataset.Conclusion. A new approach for vehicle pose estimation was proposed, involving the transition from end-to-end learning of neural networks to resolve several problems at once, e.g., localization, classification, segmentation, and angle of view, towards cascade analysis of information. The accuracy level of end-to-end learning requires large sets of representative data, which complicates the scalability of solutions for road environments in Russia. The proposed method makes it possible to estimate the vehicle pose with a high accuracy level, at the same time as involving no large costs for manual data annotation and training.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сверточные нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>анализ карт активаций</kwd><kwd>локализация ключевых точек</kwd><kwd>сегментация изображений</kwd><kwd>сопоставление с шаблоном</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>convolutional neural networks</kwd><kwd>analysis of activation maps</kwd><kwd>detection of key points</kwd><kwd>image segmentation</kwd><kwd>pattern matching</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forward Collision Warning with a Single Camera / E. Dagan, O. 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