<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2021-24-1-22-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-488</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАДИОЛОКАЦИЯ И РАДИОНАВИГАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADAR AND NAVIGATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Универсальный алгоритм автофокусировки радиолокационных изображений</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Versatile Algorithm for Autofocusing SAR Images</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4469-0501</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Монаков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Monakov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Монаков Андрей Алексеевич – доктор технических наук (2000), профессор (2005) кафедры радиотехнических систем. Почетный машиностроитель РФ (2005), почетный работник высшего профессионального образования РФ (2006)</p><p>ул. Большая Морская, д. 67а, Санкт-Петербург, 190121</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Monakov, Dr. Sci. (Eng.) (2000), Professor (2005) of the Department of radio equipment systems, Honorable Mechanical Engineer of the Russian Federation (2005), Honorable Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation (2006)</p><p>67A Bolshaja Morskaja St., St Petersburg 190121</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a_monakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет аэрокосмического приборостроения (ГУАП)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation (SUAI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Монаков А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Монаков А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Monakov A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/488">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/488</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Случайные перемещения фазового центра антенны радиолокатора с синтезированной апертурой (РСА) являются источником фазовых ошибок (ФО) траекторного сигнала, которые приводят к расфокусировке радиолокационного изображения (РЛИ). Для получения качественного РЛИ используются различные алгоритмы автофокусировки. Среди существующих алгоритмов автофокусировки можно выделить группу алгоритмов, которые позволяют оценить ФО посредством нахождения экстремума некоторой функции качества (ФК) РЛИ. Известными вариантами ФК являются, например, энтропия и резкость РЛИ. Для решения задачи поиска экстремума ФК необходимо применять быстрые методы, известные из теории оптимизации, реализация которых средствами бортового вычислителя является сложной задачей.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Синтезировать универсальный и простой в плане вычислений алгоритм автофокусировки, который позволяет применять широкий спектр видов ФК РЛИ без изменения своей структуры.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для решения поставленной задачи предложен алгоритм, основанный на замене выбранной целевой ФК РЛИ на более простую при вычислениях суррогатную ФК, найти экстремум которой можно прямым способом. Данный метод получил в научной литературе название MM-метода оптимизации. В качестве суррогатной ФК предлагается использовать квадратическую функцию.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Синтезированный алгоритм является прямым и не предполагает использование рекурсивных методов поиска оптимального решения, что ускоряет его работу и повышает устойчивость. Алгоритм легко перестраивается под выбранную целевую функцию качества РЛИ. По сравнению с алгоритмом, использующим линейную суррогатную ФК, предлагаемый алгоритм дал среднеквадратическую ошибку (СКО) остаточной ФО, примерно в 1.5 раза меньшую при меньшем на 10 % количестве итераций.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предложенный алгоритм автофокусировки может быть использован в РСА для компенсации ФО. Алгоритм основан на ММ-методе оптимизации квадратичных суррогатных функций качества РЛИ. Результаты математического моделирования подтверждают работоспособность рассмотренного алгоритма при больших значениях фазовых ошибок.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Random deviations of the antenna phase centre of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are a source of phase errors for the received signal. These phase errors frequently cause blurring of the radar image. The image quality can be improved using various autofocus algorithms. Such algorithms estimate phase errors via optimization of an objective function, which defines the radar image quality. The image entropy and sharpness are well known examples of objective functions. The objective function extremum can be found by fast optimization methods, whose realization is a challenging computing task.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To synthesize a versatile and computationally simple autofocusing algorithm allowing any objective function to used without changing its structure significantly.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. An algorithm based on substituting the selected objective function with a simpler surrogate objective function, whose extremum can be found by a direct method, is proposed. This method has been referred as the MM optimization in scientific literature. It is proposed to use a quadratic function as a surrogate objective function.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The synthesized algorithm is straightforward, not requiring recursive methods for finding the optimal solution. These advantages determine the enhanced speed and stability of the proposed algorithm. Adjusting the algorithm for the selected objective function requires minimal software changes. Compared to the algorithm using a linear surrogate objective function, the proposed algorithm provides a 1.5 times decrease in the standard deviation of the phase error estimate, with an approximately 10 % decrease in the number of iterations.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The proposed autofocusing algorithm can be used in synthetic aperture radars to compensate the arising phase errors. The algorithm is based on the MM-optimization of the quadratic surrogate objective functions for radar images. The computer simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithm even in case of large phase errors.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>радиолокатор с синтезированной апертурой</kwd><kwd>фазовые ошибки</kwd><kwd>алгоритм автофокусировки</kwd><kwd>целевая функция качества</kwd><kwd>суррогатная функция качества</kwd><kwd>ММ-метод оптимизации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>synthetic aperture radar</kwd><kwd>phase errors</kwd><kwd>autofocus algorithm</kwd><kwd>objective function</kwd><kwd>surrogate objective function</kwd><kwd>MM optimization</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cumming I. G., Wong F. H. Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation. Boston, MA, USA: Artech House, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cumming I. G., Wong F. H. Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: Algorithms and Implementation. Boston, MA, USA: Artech House, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xi L., Guosui L., Ni J. Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Oct. 1999. Vol. AES-35, № 4. P. 1240-1252. doi: 10.1109/7.805442</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xi L., Guosui L., Ni J. Autofocusing of ISAR images based on entropy minimization // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. Oct. 1999. Vol. AES-35, № 4. P. 1240-1252. doi: 10.1109/7.805442</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Liu X. SAR minimum-entropy autofocus using an adaptive-order polynomial model // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. Oct. 2006. Vol. 3, № 4. P. 512-516. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2006.878446</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Liu X. SAR minimum-entropy autofocus using an adaptive-order polynomial model // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. Oct. 2006. Vol. 3, № 4. P. 512-516. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2006.878446</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zeng T., Wang R., Li F. SAR image autofocus utilizing minimum-entropy criterion // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. 2013. Vol. 10, № 6. P. 1552-1556. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2013.2261975</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zeng T., Wang R., Li F. SAR image autofocus utilizing minimum-entropy criterion // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. 2013. Vol. 10, № 6. P. 1552-1556. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2013.2261975</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berizzi F., Corsini G. Autofocusing of inverse synthetic aperture radar images using contrast optimization // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1996. Vol. AES-32, № 3. P. 1185-1191. doi: 10.1109/7.532282</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berizzi F., Corsini G. Autofocusing of inverse synthetic aperture radar images using contrast optimization // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1996. Vol. AES-32, № 3. P. 1185-1191. doi: 10.1109/7.532282</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fortune S. A., Hayes M. P., Gough P. T. Contrast optimization of coherent images // Oceans, Celebrating the Past... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. № 03CH37492), San Diego, CA, USA. 2003. Vol. 5. P. 2622-2628. doi: 10.1109/oceans.2003.1282986</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fortune S. A., Hayes M. P., Gough P. T. Contrast optimization of coherent images // Oceans, Celebrating the Past... Teaming Toward the Future (IEEE Cat. № 03CH37492), San Diego, CA, USA. 2003. Vol. 5. P. 2622-2628. doi: 10.1109/oceans.2003.1282986</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A contrast-based algorithm for synthetic rangeprofile motion compensation / F. Berizzi, M. Martorella, A. Cacciamano, A. Capria // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2008. Vol. GRS-46, № 10. P. 3053-3062. doi: 10.1109/tgrs.2008.2002576</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A contrast-based algorithm for synthetic rangeprofile motion compensation / F. Berizzi, M. Martorella, A. Cacciamano, A. Capria // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2008. Vol. GRS-46, № 10. P. 3053-3062. doi: 10.1109/tgrs.2008.2002576</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fienup J. R. Synthetic-aperture radar autofocus by maximizing sharpness // Optics Lett. 2000. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 221-223. doi: 10.1364/ol.25.000221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fienup J. R. Synthetic-aperture radar autofocus by maximizing sharpness // Optics Lett. 2000. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 221-223. doi: 10.1364/ol.25.000221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fienup J. R., Miller J. J. Aberration correction by maximizing generalized sharpness metrics // J. of the Optical Society of America. 2003. Vol. 20, № 4. P. 609-620. doi: 10.1364/josaa.20.000609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fienup J. R., Miller J. J. Aberration correction by maximizing generalized sharpness metrics // J. of the Optical Society of America. 2003. Vol. 20, № 4. P. 609-620. doi: 10.1364/josaa.20.000609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morrison R. L., Do M. N., Munson D. C. SAR Image Autofocus by Sharpness Optimization: A Theoretical Study // IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 2007. Vol. 16, iss. 9. P. 2309-2321. doi: 10.1109/tip.2007.903252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morrison R. L., Do M. N., Munson D. C. SAR Image Autofocus by Sharpness Optimization: A Theoretical Study // IEEE Trans. on Image Processing. 2007. Vol. 16, iss. 9. P. 2309-2321. doi: 10.1109/tip.2007.903252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharpness-based autofocusing for stripmap SAR using an adaptive-order polynomial model / Y. Gao, W. Yu, Y. Liu, R. Wang, C. Shi // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. 2014. Vol. 11, № 6. P. 1086-1090. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2013.2286410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharpness-based autofocusing for stripmap SAR using an adaptive-order polynomial model / Y. Gao, W. Yu, Y. Liu, R. Wang, C. Shi // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Lett. 2014. Vol. 11, № 6. P. 1086-1090. doi: 10.1109/lgrs.2013.2286410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y., Yu W., Liu Y., Wang R. Autofocus algorithm for SAR imagery based on sharpness optimization // Electronics Lett. 2014. Vol. 50, № 11. P. 830-832. doi: 10.1049/el.2013.4111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y., Yu W., Liu Y., Wang R. Autofocus algorithm for SAR imagery based on sharpness optimization // Electronics Lett. 2014. Vol. 50, № 11. P. 830-832. doi: 10.1049/el.2013.4111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Монаков А. А. Автофокусировка радиолокационных изображений методом максимизации резкости // XXIV Междунар. науч.-техн. конф. "Радиолокация, навигация, связь", Воронеж, апр. 2018 г. Воронеж, 2018. Т. 3. С. 321-334.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monakov A. A. Autofocusing of radar images by sharpness maximization. XXIV Intern. scientific conf. “Radiolocation, Navigation and Communication". Apr. 2018, Voronezh, vol. 3, pp. 321-334. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulz T. J. Optimal Sharpness Function for SAR Autofocus // IEEE Signal Processing Lett. 2007. Vol. 14, № 1. P. 27-30. doi: 10.1109/lsp.2006.881525</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulz T. J. Optimal Sharpness Function for SAR Autofocus // IEEE Signal Processing Lett. 2007. Vol. 14, № 1. P. 27-30. doi: 10.1109/lsp.2006.881525</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lange K., Hunter D. R., Yang I. Optimization transfer using surrogate objective functions // J. of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 2000. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 1-20. doi: 10.2307/1390605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lange K., Hunter D. R., Yang I. Optimization transfer using surrogate objective functions // J. of Computational and Graphical Statistics. 2000. Vol. 9, № 1. P. 1-20. doi: 10.2307/1390605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunter D. R., Lange K. A Tutorial on MM algorithms // The American Statistician. 2004. Vol. 58, № 1. P. 30-37. doi: 10.1198/0003130042836</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunter D. R., Lange K. A Tutorial on MM algorithms // The American Statistician. 2004. Vol. 58, № 1. P. 30-37. doi: 10.1198/0003130042836</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Leeuw J., Lange K. Sharp quadratic majorization in one dimension // Computational Statistics and Data Analysis. 2009. Vol. 53, № 7. P. 2471-2484. doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2009.01.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Leeuw J., Lange K. Sharp quadratic majorization in one dimension // Computational Statistics and Data Analysis. 2009. Vol. 53, № 7. P. 2471-2484. doi: 10.1016/j.csda.2009.01.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kragh T. J. Monotonic iterative algorithm for minimum-entropy autofocus // In Proc. of the Adaptive Sensor Array Processing (ASAP) Workshop, 2006, Lexington, MA, USA, 6–7 June 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kragh T. J. Monotonic iterative algorithm for minimum-entropy autofocus // In Proc. of the Adaptive Sensor Array Processing (ASAP) Workshop, 2006, Lexington, MA, USA, 6–7 June 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling / R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler, I. G. Cumming, F. H. Wong // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994. Vol. 32, iss. 4. P. 786-799. doi: 10.1109/36.298008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling / R. K. Raney, H. Runge, R. Bamler, I. G. Cumming, F. H. Wong // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994. Vol. 32, iss. 4. P. 786-799. doi: 10.1109/36.298008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moreira A., Huang Y. Airborne SAR Processing of highly squinted data using a chirp scaling algorithm with integrated motion compensation // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994. Vol. 32, № 5. P. 1029-1040. doi: 10.1109/36.312891</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moreira A., Huang Y. Airborne SAR Processing of highly squinted data using a chirp scaling algorithm with integrated motion compensation // IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 1994. Vol. 32, № 5. P. 1029-1040. doi: 10.1109/36.312891</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cafforio C., Pratti C., Rocca F. SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1991. Vol. AES-27, № 2. P. 194-207. doi: 10.1109/7.78293</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cafforio C., Pratti C., Rocca F. SAR Data Focusing Using Seismic Migration Techniques // IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1991. Vol. AES-27, № 2. P. 194-207. doi: 10.1109/7.78293</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гилл Ф., Мюррей У., Райт М. Практическая оптимизация / пер. с англ. М.: Мир, 1985. 509 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill P. E., Murray W., Wright M. H. Practical optimization. London, New York, Academic Press, 1981. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
