<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2019-22-5-6-16</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕЛЕВИДЕНИЕ И ОБРАБОТКА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TELEVISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Метод автоматической сегментации транспортных средств на изображении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Method for Automatic Segmentation of Vehicles in Digital Images</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0407-5651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubov</surname><given-names>Ilya G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зубов Илья Геннадьевич – магистр техники и технологий (2016), программист-алгоритмист компании ООО "НЕКСТ". Автор 4 научных публикаций. Сфера научных интересов – цифровая обработка изображений; прикладные телевизионные системы.</p><p>ул. Рочдельская, д. 15, стр. 13, Москва, 123022, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilya G. Zubov, Master of Engineering and Technology (2016), Ltd "Next" algorithm programmer. The author of 4 scientific publications. Area of expertise: digital image processing; applied television systems.</p><p>15 Rochdelskaya st., bldg. 13, Moscow 123022, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ZubovIG@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО "НЕКСТ"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ltd "Next"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зубов И.Г., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зубов И.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zubov I.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/371">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/371</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современные системы активной безопасности транспортных средств призваны существенно снизить количество дорожно-транспортных происшествий. Датчики на основе монокулярных камер все чаще внедряются ведущими мировыми автопроизводителями как эффективный инструмент повышения безопасности движения. Современные методы локализации и классификации в совокупности с алгоритмами семантической сегментации позволяют разделить изображение на независимые группы пикселов, соответствующие каждому объекту. Тем не менее является актуальным разработка методов сегментации, обеспечивающих улучшение качества сегментации изображений.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель работы</title><p>Цель работы. Разработка автоматического метода сегментации детектированного объекта интереса на изображении.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы и материалы</title><p>Методы и материалы. В статье предложен автоматический метод сегментации транспортных средств на изображении. Представленный метод позволяет провести семантическую сегментацию объекта интереса на основе априорной информации о границах прямоугольника, ограничивающего объект на изображении. Информация о границах объекта используется для преобразования изображения в полярную систему координат, где пикселы изображения выступают в роли ребер взвешенного графа. С использованием алгоритма поиска кратчайшего пути и обратного преобразования в декартову систему координат вокруг объекта интереса формируется замкнутый контур.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Проведенные эксперименты подтвердили корректность выделения объекта интереса на основе предложенного метода. Коэффициент сходства Жаккара для открытой базы изображений Carvana составил 85 %. Предложенный метод также был успешно применен к разным классам изображений базы Pascal VOC, что доказало возможность обработки объектов различных классов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Основной вклад предложенного метода: 1) позволяет сегментировать объект интереса на уровне современных методов сегментации, а в отдельных случаях превосходит их; 2) предоставляется новый взгляд на способ прослеживания контура объекта.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Modern systems for active vehicle safety are designed to significantly reduce the number of road accidents. Sensors based on monocular cameras are increasingly being introduced by the world's leading automakers as an effective tool for improving traffic safety. Modern methods of localisation and classification, combined with semantic segmentation algorithms, allow for image division into independent groups of pixels corresponding to each object. However, the problem of developing segmentation algorithms ensuring improved quality of image segmentation remains to be solved.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To develop an automatic method for segmenting a given object during image analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. An automatic method for segmenting vehicles in an image was proposed. The method presented herein allows semantic segmentation of the object of interest, based upon a priori information about the bounding boxes, which frame the objects in the image. Bounding box information is used to transform an image into a polar coordinate system where the pixels of the image act as the edges of a weighted graph. A closed contour is obtained around the object of interest by using the shortest path search algorithm and inverse transformation to the Cartesian coordinate system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The experiments confirmed the correctness of the selected area of interest based on this algorithm. Jacquard’s similarity coefficient for the Carvana open database is 85 %. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to different classes of images from the Pascal VOC database, thus demonstrating the ability to segment objects of other classes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The main contribution of the proposed method was as follows: 1) segmentation of the object of interest at the level of modern methods, and in some cases in excess thereof; 2) the study presents a new look at the way of tracking object contours.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сегментация изображений</kwd><kwd>выделение области интереса</kwd><kwd>поиск кратчайшего пути в графе</kwd><kwd>алгоритм A</kwd><kwd>полярная система координат</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Image segmentation</kwd><kwd>selection of the region of interest</kwd><kwd>algorithm A</kwd><kwd>polar coordinate system</kwd><kwd>shortest path in the graph</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forward Collision Warning with a Single Camera / E. Dagan, O. Mano, G. P. Stein, A. Shashua // Proc. of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. Parma, Italy, 14–17 June 2004. Piscataway: IEEE, 2004. P. 37–42. doi: 10.1109/IVS.2004.1336352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dagan E., Mano O., Stein G. P., Shashua A. Forward Collision Warning with a Single Camera. Proc. of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symp. Parma, Italy. 14–17 June 2004. Piscataway, IEEE, 2004, pp. 37–42. doi: 10.1109/IVS.2004.1336352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Imagenet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database / J. Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L.-J. Li, K. Li, L. Fei-Fei // IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2009. Miami, FL, USA, 20–25 June 2009. Piscataway: IEEE, 2009. P. 248–255. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deng J., Dong W., Socher R., Li L.-J., Li K., Fei-Fei L. Imagenet: A Large-Scale Hierarchical Image Database. IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 2009. Miami, FL, USA, 20–25 June 2009. Piscataway, IEEE, 2009, pp. 248–255. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206848</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection / J. Redmon, S. Divvala, R. Girshick, A. Farhadi. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.02640.pdf (дата обращения 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redmon J., Divvala S., Girshick R., Farhadi A. You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. 2015. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.02640.pdf (accessed 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Girshick R. Fast R-CNN // IEEE Intern. Conf. on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.08083.pdf (дата обращения 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girshick R. Fast R-CNN. IEEE Intern. Conf. on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2015. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.08083.pdf (accessed 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simonyan K., Zisserman A. Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.pdf (дата обращения 02.09.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simonyan K., Zisserman A. Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.1556.pdf (accessed 02.09.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models / P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester, D. Ramanan // IEEE trans. on pattern analysis and machine intelligence (PAMI). 2010. № 9. URL: http://cs.brown.edu/people/pfelzens/papers/lsvm-pami.pdf (дата обращения 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felzenszwalb P., Girshick R., McAllester D., Ramanan D. Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models. IEEE trans. on pattern analysis and machine intelligence (PAMI). 2010, no. 9. Available at: http://cs.brown.edu/people/pfelzens/papers/lsvm-pami.pdf (accessed 29.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Multiple Kernels for Object Detection / A. Vedaldi, V. Gulshan, M. Varma, A. Zisserman // 2009 IEEE 12th Intern. Conf. on Comp. Vision. Kyoto, Japan, 29 Sept.– 2 Oct. 2009. Piscataway: IEEE, 2009. P. 606–613. doi: 10.1109/ICCV. 2009.5459183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vedaldi A., Gulshan V., Varma M., Zisserman A. Multiple Kernels for Object Detection. 2009 IEEE 12th Intern. Conf. on Comp. Vision. Kyoto, Japan, 29 Sept.–2 Oct. 2009. Piscataway, IEEE, 2009, pp. 606–613. doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Viola P., Jones M. Rapid Object Detection Using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features // CVPR, 2001. Kauai, HI, USA, 8–14 Dec. 2001. Piscataway: IEEE, 2001. URL: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/LBMV07/Papers/viola-cvpr-01.pdf (дата обращения 27.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Viola P., Jones M. Rapid Object Detection Using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features. CVPR, 2001. Kauai, HI, USA, 8–14 Dec. 2001. Piscataway, IEEE, 2001. Available at: https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~efros/courses/LBMV07/Papers/viola-cvpr-01.pdf (accessed 27.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation / R. Girshick, J. Donahue, T. Darrell, J. Malik // In Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Comp. vision and pattern recognition. Columbus, USA, 23–28 June 2014. Piscataway: IEEE, 2014. P. 580–587. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2014.81</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Girshick R., Donahue J., Darrell T., Malik J. Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation. In Proc. of the IEEE Conf. on Comp. vision and pattern recognition. Columbus, USA, 23–28 June 2014. Piscataway, IEEE, 2014, pp. 580–587. doi: 10.1109/CVPR.2014.81</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Overfeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection Using Convolutional Networks. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.6229v4.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Overfeat: Integrated Recognition, Localization and Detection Using Convolutional Networks. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1312.6229v4.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Review of Computer Vision Segmentation Algorithms. URL https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse576/12sp/notes/remote.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A Review of Computer Vision Segmentation Algorithms. Available at: https://courses.cs.washington.edu/courses/cse576/12sp/notes/remote.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuheng S., Yan Hao. Image Segmentation Algorithms Overview // Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1707/1707.02051.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuheng S., Yan Hao. Image Segmentation Algorithms Overview. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2017. Available at: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1707/1707.02051.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jyotsana M., Nirvair N. A Brief Review: SuperPixel Based Image Segmentation Methods // Imperial J. of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016. Vol. 2, iss. 9. P. 8–12. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4aee/70a322c01bc4dfd51c3164e480c3984b8071.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jyotsana M., Nirvair N. A Brief Review: Super-Pixel Based Image Segmentation Methods. Imperial J. of Interdisciplinary Research. 2016, vol. 2, iss. 9, pp. 8–12. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4aee/70a322c01bc4dfd51c3164e480c3984b8071.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щерба Е. В. Анализ применимости методов интерполяции и экстраполяции для решения задачи восстановления изображения // Компьютерная оптика. 2009. Т. 33, № 3. С. 336–339. URL: http://www.computeroptics.smr.ru/KO/PDF/KO33-3/33313.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shcherba E. V. Application Analysis of Interpolation and Extrapolation Methods as Used for Image Restoration. Computer Optics. 2009, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 336–339. Available at: http://www.computeroptics.smr.ru/KO/PDF/KO33-3/33313.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019). (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гонсалес Р., Вудс. Р. Цифровая обработка изображений. 3-е изд. М.: Техносфера, 2012. 834 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonsales R., Vuds R. Tsifrovaya obrabotka izobrazhenii [Digital Image Processing]. Moscow, Tekhnosfera, 2012, 834 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dechter R., Pearl J. Generalized Best-First Search Strategies and the Optimality of A* // J. of the ACM (JACM). 1985. Vol. 32, № 3. P. 505–536. URL: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.89.3090&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dechter R., Pearl J. Generalized Best-First Search Strategies and the Optimality of A*. Journal of the ACM (JACM). 1985, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 505–536. Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.89.3090&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bandyopadhyay S., Maulik U. An Evolutionary Technique Based on K-Means Algorithm for Optimal Clustering in RN // Information Sciences. 2002. Vol. 146, iss. 1–4. P. 221–237. doi: 10.1016/S0020-0255(02)00208-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bandyopadhyay S., Maulik U. An Evolutionary Technique Based on K-Means Algorithm for Optimal Clustering in RN. Information Sciences. 2002, vol. 146, iss. 1–4, pp. 221–237. doi: 10.1016/S0020-0255(02)00208-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rother C., Kolmogorov V., Blake A. “GrabCut” – Interactive Foreground Extraction Using Iterated Graph Cuts // ACM Trans. on Graphics. 2004. Vol. 23. P. 309–314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rother C., Kolmogorov V., Blake A. “GrabCut” - Interactive Foreground Extraction Using Iterated Graph Cuts. ACM Trans. on Graphics. 2004, vol. 23, pp. 309–314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mask R-CNN / K. He, G. Gkioxari, P. Dollar, R. Girshick // Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06870.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He K., Gkioxari G., Dollar P., Girshick R. Mask R-CNN. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06870.pdf (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graph cut based image segmentation with connectivity priors. URL: https://pub.ist.ac.at/~vnk/papers/connectedGC-CVPR08.pdf (дата обращения 28.10.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graph cut based image segmentation with connectivity priors. Available at: https://pub.ist.ac.at/~vnk/papers/connectedGC-CVPR08.pdf (accessed 28.10.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.03385.pdf (дата обращения 20.08.2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.03385.pdf(accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carvana Image Masking Challenge. URL: https://www.kaggle.com/c/carvana-image-masking-challenge (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carvana Image Masking Challenge. Available at: https://www.kaggle.com/c/carvana-image-masking-challenge (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge (VOC2007). URL: http://www.pascal-network.org/challenges/VOC/voc2007/index.html (дата обращения 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge (VOC2007). URL: http://www.pascal-network.org/challenges/VOC/voc2007/index.html (accessed 20.08.2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
