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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2026-29-1-103-113</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-1118</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РАДИОЛОКАЦИЯ И РАДИОНАВИГАЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADAR AND NAVIGATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методика оценки количества винтов в мультикоптере на основе анализа сигнала вторичной модуляции</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Methodology for Estimating the Number of Multicopter Rotors Based on Secondary Modulation Signal Analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плотницкая</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Plotnitskaya</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Плотницкая Екатерина Сергеевна – магистр по направлению "Радиотехника" (2023), аспирантка Санкт-Петербургского государственного электротехнического университета "ЛЭТИ" им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина), младший научный сотрудник. Автор 10 научных публикаций. Сфера научных интересов – радиолокационное распознавание.</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina S. Plotnitskaya – Master in Radio Engineering (2023, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University). Postgraduate student of Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Junior Research Fellow. The author of 9 scientific publications. Area of expertise: radar recognition.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">katya.plotnitskaya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гейстер</surname><given-names>С. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Heister</surname><given-names>S. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гейстер Сергей Романович – доктор технических наук (2004), профессор (2006), главный научный сотрудник. Автор более 150 научных работ. Сфера научных интересов – построение радиотехнических систем различного назначения; радиолокационное распознавание; адаптивная обработка сигналов; радиоэлектронная защита.</p><p>ул. Московская, д. 1а, Королев Стан, 223050</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey R. Heister, Dr Sci. (Eng.) (2004), Professor (2006), Chief Researcher. The author of more than 150 scientific publications. Area of expertise: construction of radio engineering systems for various purposes; radar recognition; adaptive signal processing; radioelectronic protective measures.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hsr_1960@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-6616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Веремьев</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veremyev</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Веремьев Владимир Иванович – кандидат технических наук (2000), профессор кафедры радиотехнических систем Санкт-Петербургского государственного электротехнического университета "ЛЭТИ" им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина), директор. Автор более 130 научных работ. Сфера научных интересов – комплексный экологический мониторинг; комплексные вопросы построения радиолокационных систем; многодиапазонные многопозиционные радиолокационные комплексы для мониторинга воздушного пространства и морской поверхности.</p><p>ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 Ф, Санкт-Петербург, 197022</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir I. Veremyev – Cand. Sci. (2000), Professor of the Department of Radio Engineering Systems in Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, Director. The author of more than 130 scientific publications. Area of expertise: integrated environmental monitoring; complex issues of building radar systems; multi-band multi-position radar systems for airspace and sea surface monitoring.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vervladiv@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ "Прогноз"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Institute "Prognoz"</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ОАО "Алевкурп"</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC "ALEVKURP"</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Плотницкая Е.С., Гейстер С.Р., Веремьев В.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Плотницкая Е.С., Гейстер С.Р., Веремьев В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Plotnitskaya E.S., Heister S.R., Veremyev V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/1118">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/1118</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. В области радиолокационного мониторинга воздушного пространства высокую актуальность имеет задача различения мультикоптеров, что предполагает определение класса мультикоптера (малый, средний, тяжелый). Задача распознавания напрямую связана с анализом радиолокационных портретов (РЛП) и определением количества винтов в мультикоптере. Применительно к построению РЛП винтов летательных аппаратов особый интерес представляют РЛП, полученные на основе метода обращенного синтеза апертуры антенны (ОСАА). Для построения таких портретов необходима информация о частотах вращения винтов, которая определяется при реализации предлагаемого метода. Цель работы. Разработка методики оценки количества винтов в мультикоптере на основе анализа радиолокационного сигнала вторичной модуляции, обусловленной вращением лопастей. Материалы и методы. Задача оценки количества винтов связана с задачей оценки частоты вращения винтов, которая, в свою очередь, рассматривается как задача аккумуляции откликов вторичной модуляции, создаваемой вращением, в структуре сигнала с параллельной компенсацией фазовых набегов. При моделировании рассматривается монохроматический сигнал с частотой 10 ГГц. Для реализации и оценки используемых в методике алгоритмов применены методы корреляционной обработки и статистического анализа. Результаты. Разработана методика оценки количества винтов в мультикоптере на основе анализа сигнала вторичной модуляции. Проведена проверка работоспособности методики на данных математического моделирования при разных сценариях движения цели. Заключение. Разработанная методика оценки количества винтов в мультикоптере на основе анализа сигнала вторичной модуляции является основой для разработки алгоритма формирования изображений винтов квадрокоптера с помощью обратного синтеза апертуры антенны. Информация о количестве винтов и частотах их вращения может быть использована для построения РЛП винтов мультикоптеров на основе метода ОСАА и последующей оценки особенности конструкции и различения одиночной и групповой целей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. In the field of radar monitoring of airspace, multicopter discrimination is a highly relevant task, which includes determination of their class, i.e., small-, medium, or heavy multicopters. The discrimination task is directly related to the analysis of radar signatures and determining the rotor number in a multicopter. Regarding the construction of radar rotors for aircrafts, radar systems obtained using the method of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) are particularly interesting. In order to create such signatures, information on the rotational frequency of the rotors is required, which can be determined using the method proposed in this paper. Aim. Development of a methodology for estimating the number of rotors in a multicopter based on the analysis of the radar signal of secondary modulation caused by blade rotation. Materials and methods. The task of estimating the number of rotors is related to the task of estimating the frequency of their rotation, which, in turn, is considered as the task of accumulating secondary modulation responses created by rotation in the signal structure with simultaneous compensation of phase incursions. For simulation purposes, a monochromatic signal with a frequency of 10 GHz was considered. Correlation processing and statistical analysis were used to implement and evaluate the algorithms used in the methodology. Results. A methodology for estimating the number of rotors in a multicopter based on the analysis of secondary modulation signals was developed. Its operability was tested by simulating different scenarios of target movement. Conclusion. The developed methodology for estimating the number of rotors in a multicopter based on the analysis of secondary modulation signals forms a basis for developing an algorithm for imaging quadcopter rotors using the ISAR method. Information on the number and rotation frequencies of rotors can be used to construct radar signatures of multicopter rotors based on the ISAR method followed by subsequent evaluation of design features and distinction between single and integrated targets.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>летательный аппарат</kwd><kwd>мультикоптер</kwd><kwd>квадрокоптер</kwd><kwd>обращенный синтез апертуры антенны</kwd><kwd>радиолокационное распознавание</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aircraft</kwd><kwd>multicopter</kwd><kwd>quadcopter</kwd><kwd>inverse synthetic aperture radar</kwd><kwd>radar discrimination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Automatic Target Recognition in Synthetic Aperture Radar Imagery: A State-of-the-Art Review / K. El Darymli, E. Gill, P. McGuire, D. Poewr, C. Moloney // IEEE Access. 2016. Vol. 4. 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