<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">radioelectronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия высших учебных заведений России. Радиоэлектроника</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1993-8985</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-4794</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32603/1993-8985-2025-28-4-109-118</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">radioelectronics-1056</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТРОЛОГИЯ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ИЗМЕРИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИБОРЫ И СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METROLOGY, INFORMATION AND MEASURING DEVICES AND SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Измерение нелинейных и динамических характеристик устройств основной полосы частот с выбросом на плоской вершине переходной характеристики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Measuring the Nonlinear and Dynamic Characteristics of Baseband Devices with an Overshoot at the Flat Top of Transient Response</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2149-1035</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полторыхин</surname><given-names>К. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poltorykhin</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полторыхин Кирилл Михайлович – магистр по специальности "Информатика и вычислительная техника" (2024, Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники), младшийнаучный сотрудник; аспирант кафедры радиоэлектроники и систем связи</p><p>пр. Академический, д. 2/3, Томск, 634055</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill M. Poltorykhin, Master’s degree in Computer Science and Engineering (2024, Tomsk State University ofControl System and Radioelectronics), Junior Researcher; Postgraduate student of the Department of Radioelectronics and Communication Systems</p><p>2/3, Akademichesky Ave., Tomsk 634055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kpoltorykhin@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-1185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Э. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semyonov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семенов Эдуард Валерьевич – доктор технических наук (2012), доцент (2009), старший научный сотрудник; профессор кафедры радиоэлектроники и систем связи</p><p>пр. Академический, д. 2/3, Томск, 634055</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Edward V. Semyonov, Dr Sci. (Eng.) (2012), Associate Professor (2009), Senior Researcher; Professor of the Department of Radioelectronics and Communication Systems</p><p>2/3, Akademichesky Ave., Tomsk 634055</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">edwardsemyonov@narod.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт сильноточной электроники Сибирского отделения&#13;
Российской академии наук; Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of High Current Electronics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>109–118</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Полторыхин К.М., Семенов Э.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Полторыхин К.М., Семенов Э.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Poltorykhin K.M., Semyonov E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/1056">https://re.eltech.ru/jour/article/view/1056</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Расширение полосы частот и усложнение формы сигналов приводит к тому, что современными поведенческими моделями невозможно адекватно описать устройства основной полосы частот (до модулятора и после демодулятора). Для измерений устройств с выбросом на плоской вершине переходной характеристики (ПХ) можно использовать нелинейно-инерционную модель в виде нелинейного рекурсивного фильтра второго порядка, характеристики которой в настоящее время находятся вариационным методом. В данной статье представлен подход к измерению характеристик устройств основной полосы частот с выбросом на плоской вершине ПХ, в рамках которого обработка результатов не требует применения вариационных алгоритмов и может быть квалифицирована как косвенные измерения характеристических функций нелинейного рекурсивного фильтра второго порядка.Цель работы. Рассмотреть подход к определению характеристик нелинейно-инерционных устройств основной полосы частот с выбросом на плоской вершине ПХ посредством безытерационных вычислений из результатов прямых измерений.Материалы и методы. Устройство с выбросом на плоской вершине ПХ представляется в виде эквивалентной схемы, которая выглядит как последовательное соединение катушки индуктивности и резистора, параллельно соединенных с конденсатором. Задача сводится к определению характеристических функций для каждого элемента: вольт-амперной (ВАХ), кулон-вольтовой (КВХ) и вебер-амперной (ВбАХ) характеристик посредством установления точки стробирования в разные моменты времени ПХ. В качестве объекта измерения был выбран осциллограф National Instruments PXI-5114.Результаты. Разработанный метод измерения позволил безытерационно по косвенным измерениям определить ВАХ, КВХ и ВбАХ для устройства с выбросом на плоской вершине. Погрешность смоделированных с помощью этих характеристик ПХ по отношению к измеренным составила не более 9 %, что является удовлетворительным результатом.Заключение. Предложенный безытерационный метод вычисления характеристических функций позволил определить независимо нелинейные характеристики устройств с выбросом на плоской вершине ПХ посредством установления точки стробирования в разные моменты времени и имеет перспективы к дальнейшему применению.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Bandwidth broadening and the growing complexity of the signal waveform result in the inadequacy of modern behavioral models used for simulating baseband devices (before and after the demodulator). To measure devices with an overshoot at the flat top of the transient response (TR), a nonlinear dynamic model in the form of a secondorder recursive filter can be used, whose characteristics are currently determined by the variational method. This article presents an alternative approach to measuring the characteristics of baseband devices with an overshoot at the flat top of TR. In this approach, the processing of results does not involve variational algorithms; instead, it qualifies as an indirect measurement of the characteristic functions of a second-order nonlinear recursive filter.Aim. To consider an approach to determining the characteristics of nonlinear dynamical baseband devices with an overshoot at the flat top of the TR using non-iterative calculations based on the results of direct measurements.Materials and methods. A device with an overshoot at the flat top on the TR is simulated by an equivalent electrical circuit, consisting of an in-series connected inductor and resistor with a parallel connected capacitor. The task is to determine the characteristics of each component: the voltage-current characteristic (VCC), the charge-voltage characteristic (CVC), and the magnetic flux-current characteristic (MFCC). The measurement object was a National Instruments PXI-5114 oscilloscope.Results. The developed measurement technique has made it possible to accurately determine VCC, CVC, and MFCC for a device with an overshoot at the flat top without the need for iterative calculations (using indirect measurements). The error in the simulated TR using these measurements in relation to the actual values did not exceed 9 %, which is an acceptable result.Conclusion. The proposed method for calculating characteristic functions without the need for iterations allows for the independent determination of the nonlinear characteristics of devices with an overshoot at the flat top of TR by setting the strobing point at various moments in time. The method is promising for further applications.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>видеоимпульсные сигналы</kwd><kwd>нелинейные поведенческие модели</kwd><kwd>косвенные измерения</kwd><kwd>нелинейные искажения</kwd><kwd>кулон-вольтовая характеристика</kwd><kwd>вебер-амперная характеристика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultra-wideband signals</kwd><kwd>nonlinear behavioral models</kwd><kwd>indirect measurements</kwd><kwd>nonlinear distortions</kwd><kwd>charge-voltage characteristic</kwd><kwd>magnetic flux-current characteristic</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (проект № FWRM-2024-0001).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work has performed within the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (the project no. FWRM-2024-0001).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-kanan H., Li F., Tafuri F. F. Extended Saleh model for behavioral modeling of envelope tracking power amplifiers // IEEE 18th Wireless and Microwave Technology Conf. (WAMICON), Cocoa Beach, USA, 24−25 Apr. 2017. IEEE, 2017. P. 1-4. doi: 10.1109/WAMICON.2017.7930244</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-kanan H., Li F., Tafuri F. F. Extended Saleh model for Behavioral Modeling of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifiers. IEEE 18th Wireless and Microwave Technology Conf. (WAMICON), Cocoa Beach, USA, 24−25 Apr. 2017. IEEE, 2017, pp. 14. doi: 10.1109/WAMICON.2017.7930244</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tafuri F. F., Larsen T. Extended Cann model for behavioral modeling of envelope tracking power amplifiers // Intern. Symp. on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, Naha, Japan, 12–15 Nov. 2013. IEEE, 2013. P. 670–673. doi: 10.1109/ISPACS.2013.6704633</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tafuri F. F., Larsen T. Extended Cann Model for Behavioral Modeling of Envelope Tracking Power Amplifiers. Intern. Symp. on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, Naha, Japan, 12–15 Nov. 2013. IEEE, 2013, pp. 670–673. doi: 10.1109/ISPACS.2013.6704633</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao X., Zhou Z. L., He M. J. SPICE modeling of wideband RF front-end for electromagnetic coupling analyses // IEEE 5th Intern. Symp. on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC-Beijing), Beijing, China, 28–31 Oct. 2017. IEEE, 2017. P. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/EMC-B.2017.8260410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao X., Zhou Z. L., He M. J. SPICE Modeling of Wideband RF Front-End for Electromagnetic Coupling Analyses. IEEE 5th Intern. Symp. on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC-Beijing), Beijing, China, 28–31 Oct. 2017. IEEE, 2017, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/EMC-B.2017.8260410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nonlinear System and Subsystem Modeling in the Domain / M. I. Sobhy, E. A. Hosny, M. W. R. Ng, E. A. Bakkar // IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1996. Vol. 44, № 12. P. 2571–2579. doi: 10.1109/22.554605</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sobhy M. I., Hosny E. A., Ng M. W. R., Bakkar E. A. Nonlinear System and Subsystem Modeling in the Domain. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1996, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 2571–2579. doi: 10.1109/22.554605</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pedro J. C., Maas S. A. A Comparative Overview of Microwave and Wireless Power-Amplifier Behavioral Modeling Approaches // IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005. Vol. 53, № 4. P. 1150–1163. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845723</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pedro J. C., Maas S. A. A Comparative Overview of Microwave and Wireless Power-Amplifier Behavioral Modeling Approaches. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1150–1163. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.845723</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Systematic Behavioral Modeling of Nonlinear Microwave/RF Circuits in the Time Domain Using Techniques from Nonlinear Dynamical Systems / D. E. Root, J. Wood, N. Tufillaro, D. Schreurs, A. Pekker // Proc. of the IEEE Intern. Workshop on Behavioral Modeling and Simulation, Santa Rosa, USA, 08 Oct. 2002. IEEE, 2002. P. 71–74. doi: 10.1109/BMAS.2002.1291060</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Root D. E., Wood J., Tufillaro N., Schreurs D., Pekker A. Systematic Behavioral Modeling of Nonlinear Microwave/RF Circuits in the Time Domain Using Techniques from Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. Proc. of the IEEE Intern. Workshop on Behavioral Modeling and Simulation, Santa Rosa, USA, 08 Oct. 2002. IEEE, 2002, pp. 71–74. doi: 10.1109/BMAS.2002.1291060</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Broad-band Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) Behavioral Models from Fast Automated Simulations and Large-Signal Vectorial Network Measurements / D. E. Root, J. Verspecht, D. Sharrit, J. Wood, A. Cognata // IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005. Vol. 53, № 11. P. 3656–3664. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.855728</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Root D. E., Verspecht J., Sharrit D., Wood J., Cognata A. Broad-band Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) Behavioral Models from Fast Automated Simulations and Large-Signal Vectorial Network Measurements. IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 3656–3664. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2005.855728</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adonyev O., Izhutkin V. Development of Broadband Transceiver Module for S-band Antenna Array using mathematical model of X-parameters: Transmission Path // Intern. Youth Conf. on Radio Electronics, Moscow, Russia, 12–14 March 2020. IEEE, 2020. P. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/REEPE49198.2020.9059184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adonyev O., Izhutkin V. Development of Broadband Transceiver Module for S-band Antenna Array using mathematical model of X-parameters: Transmission Path. Intern. Youth Conf. on Radio Electronics, Moscow, Russia, 12–14 March 2020. IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/REEPE49198.2020.9059184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amini A. R., Boumaiza S. Time-invariant behavioral modeling for harmonic balance simulation based on waveform shape maps // IEEE MTT-S Intern. Conf. on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), Ottawa, Canada, 11–14 Aug. 2015. IEEE, 2015. P. 1–3. doi: 10.1109/NEMO.2015.7415098</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amini A. R., Boumaiza S. Time-invariant Behavioral Modeling For Harmonic Balance Simulation Based On Waveform Shape Maps. IEEE MTT-S Intern. Conf. on Numerical Electromagnetic and Multiphysics Modeling and Optimization (NEMO), Ottawa, Canada, 11–14 Aug. 2015. IEEE, 2015, pp. 1–3. doi: 10.1109/NEMO.2015.7415098</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Multistate Digital Predistortion of Nonlinear Effect in PD-NOMA System / B. Li, X. Hu, N. Kan, B. Peng, W. Wang, F. M. Ghannouchi // IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Let. 2024. Vol. 34, № 1. P. 103–106. doi: 10.1109/LMWT.2023.3333885</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B., Hu X., Kan N., Peng B., Wang W., Ghannouchi F. M. Multistate Digital Predistortion of Nonlinear Effect in PD-NOMA System. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Let. 2024, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 103–106. doi: 10.1109/LMWT.2023.3333885</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лабутин С. А. Коррекция нелинейно-инерционных искажений импульсных сигналов в измерительных преобразователях // Техника средств связи. Сер. Радиоизмерительная техника. 1989. Вып. 1. С. 9-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labutin S. A. Correction of Nonlinear Inertial Distortions of Pulse Signals in Measuring Transducers, Communication Equipment. Ser.: Radio Measuring Equipment. 1989, iss. 1, pp. 9–15. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лабутин С. А. Оценивание и коррекция динамических искажений сигналов на основе нелинейных моделей средств измерений // Измерительная техника. Метрология. 1986. № 12. С. 22–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Labutin S. A. Estimation and Correction of Dynamic Signal Distortions Based on Nonlinear Models of Measuring Instruments. Measuring Equipment. Metrology. 1986, no. 12, pp. 22–29. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ланнэ А. А. Синтез нелинейных систем. Нерекурсивные системы, детерминированный случай // Электронное моделирование. 1980. № 1. С. 60–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lanne A. A. Synthesis of Nonlinear Systems. Non-Recursive Systems, Deterministic Case, Electronic Modeling. 1980, no. 1, pp. 60–68. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Назаров М. А., Семенов Э. В. Минималистичная система характеристик нелинейных видеоимпульсных устройств и ее измерение // Изв. вузов России. Радиоэлектроника. 2023. Т. 26, № 4. С. 123–132. doi: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-123-132</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarov M. A., Semenov E. V. Minimalistic System of Characteristics of Non-linear Baseband Pulse Devices and Its Measurement. J. of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics. 2023, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 123–132. (In Russ.) doi: 10.32603/1993-8985-2023-26-4-123-132</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semyonov E. V. Simple Behavioral Model of Baseband Pulse Devices in the Form of a Second-Order Nonlinear Recursive Filter // IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2021. Vol. 68, № 6. P. 2192–2196. doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2020.3048819</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semyonov E. V. Simple Behavioral Model of Baseband Pulse Devices in the Form of a Second-Order Nonlinear Recursive Filter. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs. 2021, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 2192–2196. doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2020.3048819</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Назаров М. А., Семенов Э. В. Анализ нелинейно-инерционных свойств устройств оцифровки с использованием их модели в виде нелинейного рекурсивного фильтра // Докл. ТУСУР. 2022. Т. 25, № 4. С. 110–114. doi: 10.21293/1818-0442-2022-25-4-110-114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nazarov M. A. Semyonov E. V. Simple Behavioral Model of a Recording Device Using a Second-Order Non-Linear Recursive Filter. Proc. TUSUR. 2022, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 110–114. (In Russ.) doi: 10.21293/1818-0442-2022-25-4-110-114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singleton H. E. Theory of Nonlinear Transducers // MIT. Research Lab. of electronics. Tech. rep. URL: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/4896/RLETR-160-04722817.pdf (дата обращения 30.04.2023)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singleton H. E. Theory of Nonlinear Transducers. MIT. Research Lab. of electronics. Tech. rep. Available at: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/4896/RLETR-160-04722817.pdf (accessed 30.04.2023).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PXI-5114 Specification. URL: https://www.ni.com/docs/en-US/bundle/pxi-5114-specs/page/specs.html (дата обращения 01.11.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PXI-5114 Specification. Available at: https://www.ni.com/docs/en-US/bundle/pxi-5114-specs/page/specs.html (accessed 01.11.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waveform Generator Siglent SDG7000A. URL: https://www.siglenteu.com/waveform-generators/sdg7000a-arbitrary-waveform-generator/ (дата обращения 28.08.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waveform Generator Siglent SDG7000A. Available at: https://www.siglenteu.com/waveformgenerators/sdg7000a-arbitrary-waveform-generator/ (accessed 28.08.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенов Э. В. Анализ состава нелинейных искажений при видеоимпульсных воздействиях с применением поведенческих нелинейных моделей электрических цепей // Изв. вузов России. Радиоэлектроника. 2022. T. 25, № 2. С. 2939. doi: 10.32603/1993-8985-2022-25-2-29-39</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semyonov E. V. Analysis of the Structure of Nonlinear Distortions at Baseband Pulse Impacts Using Behavioral Nonlinear Models of Electrical Circuits. J. of the Russian Universities. Radioelectronics. 2022, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 29–39. (In Russ.) doi: 10.32603/1993-8985-2022-25-2-29-39</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
